> System - Control - Start - End - Help @@ Execute a MIDAS procedure BYE Terminate the MIDAS session CLEAR/CONTEXT Clear current context level or all levels COMPUTE/KEYWORD Compute values of a keyword COPY/II Copy image frames CREATE/COMMAND Create a user command CREATE/DEFAULTS Create special defaults for MIDAS commands DELETE/COMMAND Delete a user defined command DELETE/DEFAULTS Delete special defaults for command DELETE/IMAGE Delete an image frame DELETE/KEYWORD Delete user defined keyword DELETE/LOG Delete log file ECHO/OFF Suppress display of input from program files ECHO/ON Display input from program files SET/FORMAT Format for ``number-to-string'' conversion HELP Display help info for a command HELP/QUALIFY Get available commands with the given qualifier CREATE/GUI HELP Create the Midas Help GUI LOG/OFF Disable logging LOG/ON Enable logging PRINT/LOG Print log file READ/KEYWORD Display contents of keywords RUN Execute program inside MIDAS SET/CONTEXT Set new context level SET/MIDAS_SYS Set up different system options WRITE/KEYWORD Store values into a keyword WRITE/OUT Write out text > MCL - Commands - Procedures - Batch - Programming - Monitor The chapter "Using MIDAS" (Chapter 3 in the MIDAS User's Guide, Volume A) contains a detailed description of the MIDAS command language and MIDAS procedures. For interactive info about the command language use the MIDAS command HELP/CL. Existing commands are e.g.: DEFINE/PARAMETER Define default type and valid interval for parameter DEFINE/LOCAL Define local keyword IF ELSE ENDIF Execute conditional statement DO ENDDO Define a DO loop (as in FORTRAN; will always be executed at least once!) BRANCH Do multi-way branching RETURN Return to calling procedure (or terminal) and pass up to 3 parameters back > Debugging - Bugs - Procedures - Application The chapter "Using MIDAS" (Chapter 3 in the MIDAS User's Guide, Volume A) contains a detailed description how to debug MIDAS application code and procedures. The following MIDAS commands can be used: ECHO/ON Display input from MIDAS procedure files ECHO/OFF Suppress display of input from MIDAS procedure files DEBUG/PROC Run MIDAS procedures in debug mode DEBUG/MODULE Run MIDAS (executable) modules in debug mode > I/O - Input - Output - Magtape - Backup - FITS - ASCII_files For information about available tape devices use HELP [TapeDevices]. INTAPE/FITS Read data from tape in FITS format OUTTAPE/FITS Write data to tape in FITS format INDISK/FITS Read data from FITS files on disk OUTDISK/FITS Write data to disk in FITS format RESTORE/NAME Change file name to the name stored in descr. FILENAME INDISK/ASCII Read data from ASCII files on disk OUTDISK/ASCII Write image data from disk to ASCII file ASSIGN/INPUT Define input device from where data is to be taken when writing to a MIDAS data structure OPEN/FILE Open an ASCII file for reading or writing READ/FILE Read an ACII file WRITE/FILE Write an ASCII file CLOSE/FILE Close an ASCII file See also the help on [DataOutput] as well as [Host+Midas] for output redirection via `>' or pipes. > Images - BDF - Frames - Files An Image is one of the basic MIDAS data structures consisting of data values (the pixels) and descriptive information about the image stored in descriptors. To get a list of all the commands with qualifier IMAGE use the command HELP/QUALIFY IMAGE or consult the various subject groups. For information about valid syntax for MIDAS filenames use HELP [Filenames]. See also HELP/SUBJECT Pixels Image, Display, Graphics, Arithmetic, Filtering, FFT, Coordinates, Transformation, Statistics > Tables A Table is one of the basic MIDAS data structures consisting of data values organized in columns and rows and descriptive information about the table stored in descriptors. The chapter "Table File System" (Chapter 5 of the MIDAS User's Guide Volumen A) gives the details about the table file system in MIDAS. To get a list of all commands with the qualifier TABLE use the command HELP/QUALIFY TABLE. COMPUTE/HISTOGRAM Compute histogram for a table column COMPUTE/REGRESSION Compute column from regression coefficients COMPUTE/TABLE Compute arithmetic expression of columns CONVERT/TABLE Compute image from table data COPY/TABLE Copy table files COPY/TT Copy columns from table to table file CREATE/COLUMN Create new column in a table file CREATE/TABLE Create a table file DELETE/COLUMN Delete columns from a table file EDIT/TABLE Edit a table file INTERPOLATE/... Spline interpolation of data LOAD/TABLE Draw symbols at table positions into overlay of display MERGE/TABLE Merge two table files NAME/COLUMN Redefines the label unit or format of table columns PRINT/TABLE Print table PROJECT/TABLE Copy a set of columns from one table into another READ/TABLE List elements of a table file REBIN/... Resampling of data REGRESSION/LIN Compute linear regression REGRESSION/POLYNOMIAL Compute regression between column in table file SELECT/TABLE Select a subtable SHOW/TABLE List table directory SORT/TABLE Sort a table file STATISTICS/TABLE Computes low order statistics for a column WRITE/TABLE Write value in table element > Descriptor - Directory - Header Descriptors are one of the basic MIDAS data structures holding the descriptive information of a MIDAS image or table or fits file. Descriptors correspond to the keywords in the header of a FITS_format file. Use HELP/APPLIC to obtain information about the application procedure `dscedit.prg' (for editing a descriptor). To get a list of all the commands with qualifier DESCR use the command HELP/QUAL DESCR. Information about the standard MIDAS descriptors is available via HELP [Descriptors]. Related commands are e.g.: COPY/DD Copy descriptors from one file to another DELETE/DESCRIPTOR Delete a descriptor READ/DESCRIPTOR Read descriptors SHOW/DESCRIPTOR Show descriptor tape and length WRITE/DESCRIPTOR Write a descriptor WRITE/DHELP Store help-text/comments for an existing descriptor COPY/DD Copy descriptors of source frame to destination frame COPY/DIMA Copy numerical descriptor of source frame to new image @a dscedit provide editing of descriptors RENAME/... Rename a frame CHANGE/DIREC Change current working directory (in a permanent way) SET/MIDAS_SYS DPATH= Set path for data frames. SET/MIDAS_SYS PATH= Set path for Midas procedures > Keywords Keywords are one of the basic MIDAS data structures serving as variables for the MIDAS Command Language. To get a list of all the commands with qualifier KEYWORD use the command HELP/QUAL KEYWORD as well as HELP [Keywords]. WRITE/KEYWORD Store values into a keyword READ/KEYWORD Display contents of keywords COMPUTE/KEYWORD Compute values of a keyword or compute special function COPY/KEYWORD Copy keywords of same type SHOW/KEYWORD Display contents of keyword data base HELP/KEYWORD Explain contents of given keyword COPY/KD Copy keyword to descriptor of destination frame COPY/KT Copy a keyword into table element DEFINE/LOCAL Define and initialize a local keyword in a procedure See also HELP/SUBJECT Procedures > Catalogue - Catalogues - ICAT - TCAT - FCAT - ACAT In MIDAS there exist catalogues for images, tables, fit files and ASCII files (x = I, T, F, or A). The chapter "Using MIDAS" (Chapter 3 of the MIDAS User's Guide Volume A) contains a section with a detailed description of catalogues in MIDAS. ADD/xCATAL Add one or more entries to a catalogue CREATE/xCATAL Create a catalogue EXECUTE/CATAL Execute a MIDAS procedure or MIDAS command for all entries in a catalogue READ/xCAT Read entries of given catalogue SET/xCAT Make given catalogue the "active" catalog SHOW/xCAT Display the total no. of entries + last entry no. in a catalogue SUBTRACT/xCATAL Remove an entry from a catalogue INFO/SETUP Catalog Get info about Catalog setup (for EXECUTE/CATALOG) > Copying - Duplicate - Hardcopy COPY/II Copy source frame to destination frame COPY/IT Creates a new table file from the input image COPY/TI Creates a new image file from the input table COPY/TABLE Copy table files. COPY/TT Copy a table column to another existing table COPY/TK Copy table elements into a keyword COPY/KT Copy a keyword into table element COPY/DD Copy descriptors of source frame to destination frame COPY/DIMA Copy numerical descriptor of source frame to new image COPY/DK Copy descriptor of source frame to keyword COPY/KD Copy keyword to descriptor of destination frame COPY/KEYWORD Copy keywords of same type COPY/DISPLAY Make a hardcopy of the ImageDisplay on output_device COPY/GRAPHICS Copy a plot file to the specified graphic device > Display - Visualization - Viewing The chapter "Graphics and Image Display" (Chapter 6 of the MIDAS User's Guide Volume A) contains a detailed description of the MIDAS display and plotting facilities. Use HELP/APPLIC to obtain information about the application procedure `perspec.prg'. BLINK/CHANNEL Blink between channels CLEAR/ALPHA Clear the alpha-numerics memory CLEAR/CHANNEL Clear and initialize memory channel CLEAR/DISPLAY Reset monitor CLEAR/SPLIT Disable split screen COPY/DISPLAY Hard copy of image display CREATE/DISPLAY Create a display window (using Xwindow) CUTS/IMAGE Set display thresholds for image DELETE/DISPLAY Delete the display windows DISPLAY/CHANNEL Display image loaded into channel DRAW/RECTANGLE Draw rectangle in the overlay plane EXTRACT/CURSOR Extract a subframe from the frame currently displayed EXTRACT/ROTATED Extract a rotated subimage from displayed image EXTRACT/TRACE Extract interactively a line from an image GET/CURSOR Coordinates from display device by cursor GET/IMAGE Read currently loaded image from channel INITIALIZE/DISPLAY Initialize the image display LABEL/DISPLAY Write character string on display device LOAD/IMAGE Load image into display device LOAD/TABLE Display table data on image display MODIFY/CUTS Modify cut values of image interactively MODIFY/DISPLAY Toggle the state of a display window from mapped Window to Icon and vice versa SCROLL/CHANNEL Scroll image on given channel SET/CURSOR Set cursor form and position SET/DISPLAY Define color display control, size of screen etc. SET/SPLIT Enable split screen SHOW/CHANNEL Show information related to channel VIEW/IMAGE View an image with a "looking glass" and get statistics @a perspec Provide perspective view > Color - LUT - ITT The chapter "Graphics and Image Display" (Chapter 6 of the MIDAS User's Guide Volume A) contains a detailed description of the MIDAS commands working with (pseudo) colors. CLEAR/ITT Bypass ITT on display window CLEAR/LUT Bypass LUT on display window DISPLAY/LUT Display LUT bar at bottom of display GET/ITT Read currently loaded intensity transfer table from display GET/LUT Read currently loaded Lookup table from display LOAD/ITT Load an intensity transfer table LOAD/LUT Load a color lookup table into display unit MODIFY/ITT Modify the currently active intensity transfer table MODIFY/LUT Modify the currently active lookup table SET/ITT Enable use of intensity transfer table SET/LUT Enable use of color lookup table TUTORIAL/ITT Explain usage of ITTs in Midas TUTORIAL/LUT Explain usage of LUTs in Midas @a vertlut Display vertical LUT bar with labels > Zoom - Zooming - Magnify - Magnification Some of the zoom command can not or only in a limited version be used on non-X devices. CLEAR/ZOOM Clear zoom CREATE/CURSOR Create a cursor window CREATE/ZOOM Create a zoom window for an existing display window DELETE/CURSOR Delete a cursor window DELETE/ZOOM Delete a zoom window GET/CURSOR Coordinates from display device by cursor VIEW/IMAGE View an image with a "looking glass" and get statistics ZOOM/CHANNEL Zoom image on display ZOOM/OVERLAY Zoom image interactively and also the overlay plane > Graphics - Plot The chapter "Graphics and Image Display" (Chapter 6 of the MIDAS User's Guide, Volume A) contains a detailed description of the MIDAS plotting facilities. CLEAR/GRAPHIC Clear graphic screen COPY/GRAPHIC Send the plot file to the specific graphic device CREATE/GRAPHIC Create a graphic window (using Xwindow) CUTS/IMAGE Set plot thresholds (high and low) for image DELETE/GRAPHIC Delete the graphic windows GET/GCURSOR Coordinates from graphic device by cursor LABEL/GRAPHIC Plot text in an existing plot OVERPLOT/COLUMN Overplot a column of an image on existing plot OVERPLOT/ERROR Overplot table error column OVERPLOT/HISTOGRAM Overplot histogram of table column or image OVERPLOT/IMAGE Overplot image data on previous plot OVERPLOT/ROW Overplot a row (line) of an image on existing plot OVERPLOT/TABLE Overplot table data on previous plot OVERPLOT/VECTOR Overplot vector map from two 2-dim. images PLOT/AXES Plot a coordinate box with tickmarks and labels PLOT/COLUMN Plot a column of an image PLOT/CONTOUR Contour plotting of an image PLOT/DESCRIPTOR Plot an entry in a descriptor PLOT/HISTOGRAM Plot a histogram of a table column or an image PLOT/PERSPECTIVE Perspective plotting (3-dim.) of an image PLOT/ROW Plot a row (line) of an image PLOT/TABLE Plot table data PLOT/VECTOR Plot vector map from two 2-dim. images SET/GRAPHIC Set plot characteristics like scaling SHOW/GRAPHIC Show graphic characteristics TUTORIAL/GRAPHICS Explain the use of the graphics package > Printer - Printing - Output Information about the printers installed is available via HELP [Printers]. ASSIGN/PRINT Define output device for printing PRINT/IMAGE Print image data values on device specified PRINT/TABLE Print table values on the device/file specified PRINT/DESCR Print descriptor values PRINT/KEY Print contents of keywords PRINT/LOG Print the specified pages of the logfile > Image - Creation - Extraction- Truncate - Insert CREATE/IMAGE Create new image CREATE/RANDOM Create a new image from a random distribution EXTRACT/CURSOR Extract a subframe from the frame displayed EXTRACT/IMAGE Extract part of an image EXTRACT/LINE Extract a line from a frame EXTRACT/SLIT Extract subimage defined by fixed slit EXTRACT/TRACE Extract line from an image INSERT/IMAGE Insert a subimage into father image SHIFT/IMAGE Shift the pixels in an image in x and y-direction TUTORIAL/EXTRACT Demonstrate some of the different EXTRACT commands > Arithmetic - Computing AVERAGE/AVERAGE Compute simple average of all pixels in a subimage AVERAGE/COLUMN Compute average of image columns AVERAGE/IMAGE Calculate the average of images AVERAGE/ROW Compute average of image rows AVERAGE/WINDOW Compare images, then take the meaning COMPUTE/IMAGE Compute arithmetic expression of images COMPUTE/PIXEL Perform arithmetic operations on images using pixel coordinates COMPUTE/ROW Compute arithmetic expression on image scan lines > Coordinates - Data - Values - Pixels - Cursor - Mouse - Trackball - Joystick Information about how to use mouse, joystick, etc. is available via HELP [ImageDisplay] CENTER/... Find center EXTRACT/TRACE GET/CURSOR Coordinates from image display via cursor GET/GCURSOR Show coordinates from graphics picture READ/DESCRIPTOR List reference coordinates SET/CURSOR SET/GCURSOR VIEW/IMAGE WRITE/DESCRIPTOR Write reference coordinates > Aligning - Rebinning - Rotation - Flip ALIGN/IMAGE Calculate linear transformation between 2 images EXTRACT/IMAGE Extract part of image EXTRACT/ROTATED_IMAGE Extract a rotated subimage from displayed image EXTRACT/SLIP Extract a subimage defined by a fixed slit from image FLIP/IMAGE Flip image in x and/or y GROW/IMAGE Repeat one scan line to make 2 dim images INSERT/IMAGE Insert a subimage into father image REBIN/II Logarithmic, exponential, $r^{1/4$ frequency rebin REBIN/IT Nonlinear rebinning of 1D data. Image to Table transformation REBIN/LINEAR Pixel rebinning of image REBIN/ROTATE Rotate an image any angle REBIN/SPLINE Do rebinning of an image via cubic splines using new step sizes and start points REBIN/WAVE Rebin 1-D image to linear wavelength RECTIFY/IMAGE General geometric correction ROTATE/CLOCKWISE Rotate clockwise 90 degrees ROTATE/COUNTER_CLOCK Rotate an image by multiples of 90 degrees counter_clockwise TUTORIAL/ALIGN Explain the usage of the ALIGN/IMAGE command TUTORIAL/EXTRACT Demonstrate some of the different EXTRACT commands > Filtering - Cleaning - Smoothing - Convolution - Deconvolution AVERAGE/ ... Compute average of pixels values by various methods CONVOLVE/IMAGE Convolve image with given point spread function CREATE/FILTER Create filter image DECONVOLVE/IMAGE Deconvolve image with given point spread function DECONVOLVE/IMAGE Deconvolve image with point spread function FILTER/GAUSS Use Gauss filter on image FILTER/MEDIAN Median filter image FILTER/SMOOTH Smooth an image TUTORIAL/FILTER Explain the usage of filters See also FFT > Modification - Pixels - Values PRINT/IMAGE Print an image READ/IMAGE List pixel values into image WRITE/IMAGE Change pixel values in image (world coordinates) ITF/IMAGE Transform pixel values in an image MODIFY/CURSOR Change pixel values in image by cursor MODIFY/GCURSOR Change pixel values in image by graphic cursor MODIFY/PIXEL Change pixel values in image REPLACE/IMAGE Modify pixel values in given intensity interval REPLACE/POLYGON Replace pixel values inside a polygon See also Filtering > Transformations - FFT - Fourier The command FFT will compute the discrete fast Fourier transform using double precision arithmetic internally. The application procedures `convolfft.prg' and `fftfilt.prg' use the FFT to do filtering and convolution/correlation. Use HELP/APPLIC to obtain information about these procedures. FFT/IMAGE Compute discrete Fourier transform of real or complex frame FFT/INVERSE Compute inverse discrete Fourier transform of real or complex frame FFT/POWER Compute discrete Fourier transform of real or complex frame and also its power spectrum (square root) FFT/FREQUENCY Compute discrete Fourier transform of real or complex frame and shift or origin of frequency domain to center FFT/FINVERSE Compute inverse discrete Fourier transform of real or complex frame FFT/FPOWER Compute discrete Fourier transform of real or complex frame and also its power spectrum (square root). @a convolfft Convolve or correlate object image with a PSF via FFT @a fftfilt Filter an object image via FFT > Statistics - Minimum - Maximum - Histogram COMPUTE/HISTOGRAM table-to-image or table-to-table histogram transform EQUALIZE/HISTOGRAM Perform histogram equalization and load ITT to apply it FIND/MINMAX Display (and store) max and min value FIND/PIXEL Find first pixel with a value inside or outside the interval PLOT/HISTOGRAM Plot histogram of pixel values in image STATISTICS/IMAGE Calculate statistics of an image STATISTICS/TABLE Calculate statistics of a table column @a histogram image-to-image or image-to-table histogram transform > Integrate - Aperture - Magnitudes FIT/FLAT_SKY Fit background image INTEGRATE/APERTURE Integrate flux inside aperture INTEGRATE/LINE Integrate pixel-values over area in image MAGNITUDE/CIRCLE Compute the magnitude of the specified object by integrating over the central area defined by a circular aperture MAGNITUDE/RECTANGLE Compute the magnitude of the specified object by integrating over the central area defined by a rectangular aperture > Julian-date - UT - ST - Sidereal_time - Precession COMPUTE/ST Calculate geocentric Julian date (JD) and local mean sidereal time (ST) COMPUTE/UT Calculate geocentric Julian date (JD) and universal time (UT) COMPUTE/PRECESSION Precess equatorial coordinates from one epoch to another > Fitting - Least_Squares The chapter "Fitting of Data" (Chapter 9 of the MIDAS User's Guide Volume A) gives all information about the capabilities in MIDAS to fit data. To get a list of all the commands with qualifier FIT use the command HELP/QUAL FIT. COMPUTE/FIT Compute fitted image or table COMPUTE/FUNCTION Compute function values of image or table EDIT/FIT Define function for fitting FIT/IMAGE Least squares fitting in image FIT/TABLE Least squares fitting in table PRINT/FIT Print fitted values READ/FIT Read fitted values SELECT/FUNCTION Select functions to be fitted SET/FIT Control execution of fitting SHOW/FIT Display control parameters > Stacks - Cubes If you have several frames (at least partially overlapping) of the same object, the following MIDAS commands may be used to get a good average frame from that stack of frames. Use HELP/APPLIC to obtain information about these application procedures. AVERAGE/WEIGHTS Calculate the weighted average of images AVERAGE/IMAGES Calculate the average of images AVERAGE/WINDOW Compute average of (consistent) pixel values @a slicube Extract 2-D frames from a 3-D cube TRANSPOSE/CUBE Rearrange the planes of a cube COMPUTE/PLANE Arithmetic involving different planes of a cube COMPUTE/ZYPLANE Compute arithmetic expr. on the zy_planes of image cubes > Photometry MIDAS contains two packages to do stellar photometry: ROMAFOT, and DAOPHOT. The first package is described in the chapter ``Crowded Field Photometry'' (Chapter 5 of the User's Guide, Volume B). DAOPHOT is described in Chapter 12 of that same volume. In addition, MIDAS contains the package INVENTORY for doing object searching and classification, described in Chapter 5 of Volume B: ``Object Searching and Analyzing Commands''. A number of tools for surface photometry are combined in the context SURFPHOT. Also, the MIDAS User's Guide gives all information about other useful command in the area of photometry like: AVERAGE/WEIGHTS AVERAGE/WINDOW CENTER/GAUSS CENTER/MOMENT COMPUTE/WEIGHTS MAGNITUDE/CENTER MAGNITUDE/CIRCLE INTEGRATE/APERTURE STATISTICS/IMAGE FIT/FLAT_SKY Relevant contexts are: ROMAFOT, DAOPHOT, INVENTORY and SURFPHOT; see HELP [CONTEXTS]. > Spectroscopy MIDAS contains different packages for spectroscopy and spectral analysis. Most of these packages are described in the Volume B of the MIDAS User's Manual. Calibration/Reduction packages: ------------------------------- a) Package Long allows the calibration and reduction of 1D and long-slit spectra. The package provides a Motif Graphical User Interface. b) Package Echelle allows the calibration of echelle spectra, in particular La Silla instruments (EMMI, CASPEC, ECHELLEC, EFOSC). Pre-calibrated solutions for EMMI are available. c) Package IRSPEC is suited for the reduction of the IRSPEC spectrograph data (installed at the NTT telescope). The package provides a Motif Graphical User Interface. d) Package MOS allows the reduction of multi-object spectra. Spectral Analysis packages: --------------------------- a) Package Spec is automatically set by all spectral calibration packages above and provides a number of low-level commands for the spectral calibration as well as basic spectral analysis commands (determine continuum with CONTIN/SPEC or NORMALIZE/SPEC, fit Gaussian profiles to lines with DEBLEND/LINE). Two general Midas commands (CENTER/GAUSS, INTEGRATE/LINE) can also be used. Note that the command CENTER/GAUSS provides an inversion flag for absorption spectra The context Spec also includes commands for the determination of the parallactic angle (COMPUTE/PARAL) and to correct spectra for differential aatmospheric dispersion (REFTRACTION/LONG). b) Graphical User Interface Alice is created with the command CREATE/GUI ALICE and provides continuum fitting and multiple-component Gaussian fitting facilities. c) The context Lyman is specialized to fit inter-galactic absorption lines. d) The context Cloud allows to modelise inter-galactic absorption lines.